Strategy, Tactics, and the Four Pillars of Fencing
Students often ask: what’s the difference between strategy and tactics in fencing?
It’s an excellent question—and one that sits at the heart of martial development. We often use these words interchangeably, but they describe distinct levels of decision-making that influence how we train and fight.
Strategy: The Big Picture
Strategy is about how you approach the fight overall. It’s your plan for how to win based on what you know, and can surmise, about your opponent and the circumstances.
A good strategy considers:
- The type of opponent (aggressive, defensive, tall, short, cautious, reckless)
- Your preferred measure or range
- Whether you want to lead, receive, or provoke
- Your advantages and vulnerabilities
- The environment or context of the fight
Strategic thinking is active before entering into measure and between passes. You build an initial plan, test it, then adjust as new information appears. This “meta level” of combat is about shaping the conditions in which tactics will later be used.
Concepts like gioco largo and gioco stretto (playing wide and narrow), attacking versus defending, or choosing to approach or receive, all sit within the realm of strategy.
Tactics: The Moment-to-Moment Game
If strategy is your battle plan, tactics are your decisions in the moment.
Tactics are what you do in response to what’s happening now: when an opponent feints, steps, or changes line, you respond. The tactical layer is dynamic, immediate, and constantly shaped by stimulus and reaction.
A simple way to think about it:
A drill becomes tactical when there’s more than one possible stimulus.
For example, stringere, the act of constraining your opponent’s blade, is a tactical tool that narrows their options. The strategic part is choosing to use stringere as your general approach; the tactical part is how you apply it in response to what your opponent actually does.
In martial arts tactics are something you have to condition into your body through drills and scenario training, helping you make effective choices without conscious thought.
The Four Pillars: Where Mechanics Meet Tactics
In Duello Armizare we describe combat through four core dimensions: measure, cover, line, and tempo. These “pillars” provide a lens to evaluate both mechanical and tactical execution. We might evaluate a particular combat action or bout using questions guided by the pillars and both mechanics and tactics:
| Pillar | Mechanical Aspect | Tactical Aspect |
|---|---|---|
| Measure | Was the body positioned correctly? Were steps proportionate? | Did the fighter correctly identify the right distance for attack or defense? |
| Cover | Was the weapon placed in the right protective structure? | Did the fighter maintain coverage relative to the opponent’s threats? |
| Line | Was the weapon positioned and supported to create threat? | Did the fighter employ and maintain threat to keep their opponent in obedience? |
| Tempo | Was the movement efficient and coordinated—“as much as necessary, as little as possible”? | Was the timing proportional and well-judged in response to the opponent’s action? |
Each pillar exists at both levels. Mechanics ensure your actions can work. Tactics ensure they do work when tested.
Tempo: The Bridge Between Mechanics and Tactics
Tempo is perhaps the most interesting case.
We usually think of it as tactical—choosing the right moment to strike or defend—but it also has a mechanical side. A student who over-moves because they lack coordination is making a mechanical error. A student who over-moves because they misread the opponent’s intention is making a tactical one.
Tempo, then, is both art and science: part of how we move, and part of when we move.
Ok Now What?
Understanding the breakdown between strategy, tactics, and mechanics helps you better identify where to do your work. Next time you are analyzing your bouting or your student’s bouting, or even an opponent’s bouting, use these dimensions to help you see where the problems are.
- Did you misread the opponent altogether, assuming they were going to sit back but instead they came on hard (strategic error)?
- Was your plan good but you weren’t able to keep up with how they acted (tactical conditioning)?
- Or, were you trying to keep up but it seemed you were too slow or too weak (mechanics)?
Take a video of a series of fencing passes and use the four pillars to analyze individual failed and successful actions. Consider both the mechanical and tactical questions of each pillar. The more you practice this type of analysis the more analysis itself can become intuitive, and then the more you can use mechanical and tactical awareness of yourself and your opponent to inform your strategy.
Strategy Shapes, Tactics Execute
Ultimately each dimension is a feedback loop: strategy creates the conditions for success; tactics with mechanics capitalize on them.
- Strategy decides what kind of fight you’re trying to create.
- Tactics decide how you act and react once you’re in it.
- Mechanics decide whether your body can execute the plan effectively.
Together, they form the hierarchy of mastery:
Mechanics → Tactics → Strategy.
Train them all consciously, and your swordplay becomes more than reaction, it becomes art.
